Mdadm

Mdadm is the modern tool most Linux distributions use these days to manage software RAID arrays; in the past raidtools was the tool we have used for this. This cheat sheet will show the most common usages of mdadm to manage software raid arrays; it assumes you have a good understanding of software RAID and Linux in general, and it will just explain the commands line usage of mdadm. The examples bellow use RAID1, but they can be adapted for any RAID level the Linux kernel driver supports.

Create a new RAID array

Create (mdadm --create) is used to create a new array:

   mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=1 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb2

/etc/mdadm.conf or /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf (on debian) is the main configuration file for mdadm. After we create our RAID arrays we add them to this file using:

   mdadm --detail --scan >> /etc/mdadm.conf

or on debian

   mdadm --detail --scan >> /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf

Remove a disk from an array

We can’t remove a disk directly from the array, unless it is failed, so we first have to fail it (if the drive it is failed this is normally already in failed state and this step is not needed):

   mdadm --fail /dev/md0 /dev/sda1

and now we can remove it:

   mdadm --remove /dev/md0 /dev/sda1

This can be done in a single step using:

   mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/sda1 --remove /dev/sda1

Add a disk to an existing array

We can add a new disk to an array (replacing a failed one probably):

   mdadm --add /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1

Verifying the status of the RAID arrays

We can check the status of the arrays on the system with:

   cat /proc/mdstat

or

   mdadm --detail /dev/md0

The output of this command will look like:

   cat /proc/mdstat
   Personalities : [raid1]
   md0 : active raid1 sdb1[1] sda1[0]
   104320 blocks [2/2] [UU]

   md1 : active raid1 sdb3[1] sda3[0]
   19542976 blocks [2/2] [UU]

   md2 : active raid1 sdb4[1] sda4[0]
   223504192 blocks [2/2] [UU]

here we can see both drives are used and working fine - U. A failed drive will show as F, while a degraded array will miss the second disk - Note: while monitoring the status of a RAID rebuild operation using watch can be useful:

   watch cat /proc/mdstat

Stop and delete a RAID array

If we want to completely remove a raid array we have to stop if first and then remove it:

   mdadm --stop /dev/md0
   mdadm --remove /dev/md0

and finally we can even delete the superblock from the individual drives:

   mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sda

Finally in using RAID1 arrays, where we create identical partitions on both drives this can be useful to copy the partitions from sda to sdb:

   sfdisk -d /dev/sda | sfdisk /dev/sdb

(this will dump the partition table of sda, removing completely the existing partitions on sdb, so be sure you want this before running this command, as it will not warn you at all).

There are many other usages of mdadm particular for each type of RAID level, and I would recommend to use the manual page (man mdadm) or the help (mdadm –help) if you need more details on its usage. Hopefully these quick examples will put you on the fast track with how mdadm works.