Du
du (abbreviated from disk usage) is a standard Unix program used to estimate file space usage—space used under a particular directory or files on a file system.
History
The du utility first appeared in version 1 of AT&T UNIX.
Specification
By default, the Single Unix Specification (SUS) specifies that du is to display the file space allocated to each file and directory contained in the current directory. Links will be displayed as the size of the link file, not what is being linked to; the size of the content of directories is displayed, as expected.
As du reports allocation space and not absolute file space, the amount of space on a file system shown by du may vary from that shown by df if files have been deleted but their blocks not yet freed. Also the minfree setting that allocates datablocks for the filesystem and the super user processes creates a discrepancy between total blocks and the sum of used and available blocks. The minfree setting is usually set to about 5% of the total filesystem size. For more info see core utils faq.
Usage
du takes a single argument, specifying a pathname for du to work; if it is not specified, the current directory is used. The SUS mandates for du the following options:
- -a, In addition to the default output, include information for each non-directory entry
- -c, display a grand total of the disk usage found by the other arguments
- -d #, the depth at which summing should occur. -d 0 sums at the current level, -d 1 sums at the subdirectory, -d 2 at sub-subdirectories, etc.
- -H, calculate disk usage for link references specified on the command line
- -k, show sizes as multiples of 1024 bytes, not 512-byte
- -L, calculate disk usage for link references anywhere
- -s, report only the sum of the usage in the current directory, not for each file
- -x, only traverse files and directories on the device on which the pathname argument is specified.
Other Unix and Unix-like operating systems may add extra options. For example, BSD and GNU du specify a -h option, displaying disk usage in a format easier to read by the user, adding units with the appropriate SI prefix (e.g. 10 MB)..
Examples
Sum of directories (-s) in kilobytes (-k): <source lang="console"> $ du -sk * 152304 directoryOne 1856548 directoryTwo </source> Sum of directories (-s) in human-readable format (-h : Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte and Petabyte): <source lang="console"> $ du -sh * 149M directoryOne 1.8G directoryTwo </source> disk usage of all subdirectories and files including hidden files within the current directory (sorted by filesize) : <source lang="bash">
$ du -sk .[!.]* *| sort -n
</source> disk usage of all subdirectories and files including hidden files within the current directory (sorted by reverse filesize) : <source lang="bash">
$ du -sk .[!.]* *| sort -nr
</source>
The weight (size) of each subdirectory under the current directory (-d 1) with a sum total at the end (-c) all displayed in human-readable format (-h): <source lang="bash">
$ du -d 1 -c -h
</source> or with du from GNU: <source lang="bash">
$ du --max-depth=1 -c -h
</source>
The weight (size) of subdirectories under the root directory (-d 1, trailing /) with a sum total at the end (-c), all displayed in human-readable format (-h) without traversing into other filesystems (-x). Useful when /var /tmp or other directories are on separate storage from the root directory: <source lang="bash">
$ du -d 1 -c -h -x /
</source> or with du from GNU: <source lang="bash">
$ du --max-depth=1 -c -h -x /
</source>
